Types of ROVs and regulatory implications
The ROV market is divided into several classes based on size, capability, and intended use. At the entry level are hobby-class underwater drones, designed for recreational exploration and basic filming, often with limited depth and functionality. Above that are mini ROVs (Class I and II), such as the Blueye X3, which are compact, professional-grade systems used for inspections, research, and industrial tasks. At the top end are work-class ROVs (Class III and IV), which are large, heavy-duty systems for complex offshore operations.
In Norway, lightweight ROVs like those from Blueye are currently not subject to ROV-specific legislation when used within privacy, environmental, and safety rules. However, offshore and professional operations often fall under stricter standards.
Rules and standards for ROV operations
The regulatory framework for ROV operations vary based on national legislation, international standards, and the specific purpose of the operation, whether it is commercial, scientific, or regulatory.
In Norway, offshore ROV services are primarily governed by the NORSOK U-102 standard, which outlines requirements for safety, operator competence, and equipment. On an international level, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) provides guidelines for diving systems, including protocols for operations involving both divers and ROVs. The International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) has published widely recognized best practices for the safe and efficient use of ROVs, which are used throughout the industry.
Key IMCA guidelines for ROV operations:
- IMCA R004: Guidelines for safe and efficient operation of ROVs.
- IMCA R006: Guidelines for ROV operations in close proximity to divers.
- IMCA R010: Guidance on ROV personnel competence and training.
- IMCA R018: Code for practice for the safe use of electricity underwater.
- IMCA R020: Guidelines for risk assessment in ROV operations.
In addition, operators should be aware of several important regulatory considerations, including compliance with maritime navigations rules (COLREGs) when operating in areas with vessel traffic, adhering to depth and operational limits that may apply in certain jurisdictions, following salvage and hazardous material laws when encountering wrecks or unexploded ordnance, and observing data protection regulations, such as GDPR, if video or sonar recordings capture identifiable individuals or private property.
Operational safety with divers
ROVs are often deployed to reduce the risks associated with diving in hazardous or hard-to-reach environments. However, in many scenarios, ROVs complement rather than replace human divers. When both are used simultaneously, maintaining safety becomes even more crucial.
- ROV and diver operations must be carefully coordinated to prevent unintended contact.
- The ROV operator should maintain clear communication with the diver supervisor.
- ROVs should maintain a safe distance from divers unless they are supporting diver tasks.
- Emergency procedures must be established for equipment failure or diver distress.
See also: How ROVs and divers are transforming underwater inspections for safety.
Blueye ROVs have been used successfully in such contexts, including by the Norwegian Navy for underwater inspections and documentation.
Equipment and crew requirements
For industrial and offshore ROV operations, regulations often require:
- Certified operators.
- Documented maintenance procedures.
- Compliance with technical specifications.
Blueye's compact ROVs are engineered to lower these operational barriers without compromising safety or performance. Small ROVs like the Blueye X3 may be operated without formal certification, but an ROV course can improve efficiency and safety in the field.
In more complex operations, such as offshore inspections, it remains essential to follow established standards like NORSOK U-102, particularly regarding crew qualifications, documentation, and technical specifications. Yet, recent developments show that Blueye ROVs can serve as effective tools or alternatives in many scenarios.
A good example is Equinor, which has saved millions by using Blueye ROVs for simple offshore tasks, avoiding the need to deploy large vessels and heavy work-class systems. Read more about Equinor's use of Blueye ROVs here.
Environmental and legal considerations
Environmental regulations impact where and how ROVs can be used. These rules aim to protect sensitive ecosystems, safeguard wildlife, and maintain privacy and national security. When operating an ROV in protected or sensitive areas, such as marine reserves or cultural heritage zones, special permits may be required, regardless of the depth or purpose of the operation.
For example:
- Wildlife protection laws: restrictions near marine mammals, coral reefs, or nesting sites.
- Fisheries regulations: limitation on resource mapping or underwater harvesting.
- Privacy and security laws: limitation on filming near private docks, aquaculture, or military installations.
- Cultural heritage protection: reporting obligations for historic wrecks or archaeological sites.
- Special operational zones: extra safety requirements near oil/gas platforms, wind farms, and aquaculture facilities.
- Incident reporting duties: legal obligation to notify authorities if operations causes damage or hazards.
While it is important to check with local maritime or environmental authorities before operating in sensitive zones, the Blueye ROVs are well-suited for responsible use in many situations where larger, industrial systems might be too intrusive or impractical. The compact size, quiet thrusters, and precise maneuverability allow operators to inspect underwater environments without damaging the seafloor or disturbing marine life.
Knowledge provides safe and responsible ROV use
Operating an ROV responsibly means more than simply mastering the controls, it requires understanding and following all relevant laws and guidelines. By aligning operations with recognized standards such as NORSOK, IMO and IMCA, and by respecting environmental and privacy laws, operators can ensure safe, legal, and sustainable use of ROV technology.
Blueye ROVs, while designed for ease of use, can serve as effective tools in this regulatory landscape, enabling inspections, research, and documentation while supporting compliance with both local and international requirements.
See how the Norwegian Navy utilizes Blueye ROV technology:
